SAGES Magazine

THE SOUTH AFRICAN GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2021 | VOLUME 19 | ISSUE 2 | 16 7. Atkinson M, Ferguson R, et al. Tube introducer and modified Celestin tube for use in palliative intubation of oesophagogastric neoplasms at fibreoptic endoscopy. Gut 1978;19:669-71. 8. Rose JDR, Smith PM. Fibre endoscopic insertion of palliative oesophageal tubes with the Nottingham introducer. J R Soc Med 1983;76:266-8. 9. Didcott CC. Oesophageal strictures- Treatment by slow continuous dilatation. Ann Roy Coll Surg Engl 1973;53:112- 126. 10. Sur RK, Didcott CC, et al. Palliation of carcinoma of the oesophagus with brachytherapy and the Didcott dilator. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1996;78:124-8. 11. Iqbal J, Gunn J, et al. Coronary stents: historical development, current status and future directions. Br Med Bull 2013;106:193-211. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldt009. Epub 2013 Mar 26. PMID: 23532779. 12. Dua KS. History of the use of esophageal stent in management of dysphagia and its improvement over the years. Dysphagia 2017;32(1):39-49. doi: 10.1007/s00455- 017-9781-7. Epub 2017 Jan 18. PMID: 28101666 13. Lindberg CG, Cwikiel W, Ivancev K, Lundstedt C, Stridbeck H, Tranberg KG. Laser therapy and insertion of Wallstents for palliative treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Acta Radiol 1991;32(5):345-8. PMID: 1716939. 14. Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Bethge N, et al. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med 1993;28:1302-1307. 15. Irani S, Kozarek R. Esophageal stents: past, present and future. Tech Gastrointest Endosc 2010;12(4):178-190. doi:10.1016/j.tgie.2011.01.001. 16. Kaltsidis, H, Mansoor W, Park J-H, et al. Oesophageal stenting: Status quo and future challenges. Br J Radiol 2018;91:20170935. doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20170935. 17. Sabharwal T, Morales JP, Salter R, et al. Esophageal cancer: self-expanding metallic stents. Abdom Imaging 2005;30(4):456–464. 18. Kang, Y. A Review of self-expanding esophageal stents for the palliation therapy of inoperable esophageal malignancies. BioMed Res Int 2019;9265017. doi. org/10.1155/2019/9265017 19. Lin M, Firoozi N, Tsai C, Wallace MB, et al. 3D printed flexible polymer stents for potential applications in inoperable esophageal malignancies. Acta Biomater 2019;83:119–129. 20. Fouladian P, Kohlhagen J, Arafat M, et al. Three-dimensional printed 5-fluorouracil eluting polyurethane stents for the treatment of oesophageal cancers. Biomater Sci 2020;23. doi: 10.1039/d0bm01355b. 21. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209- 249. doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660 22. Spaander Manon CW, van der Bogt RD, Baron TH. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2021. Endoscopy 2021;53:1-12. doi: 10.1055/a-1475-0063. 23. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow- up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). JAMA 1999;281:1623–27. 24. White RE, Parker RK, Fitzwater JW, et al. Stents as sole therapy for oesophageal cancer: a prospective analysis of outcomes after placement. Lancet Oncol 2009;10(3):240-6. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70004-X. 25. D Nel, M Omar, G Chinnery, et al. Disparity in oesophageal cancer management in South Africa: a comparison between two tertiary centres with special focus on the palliation of dysphagia. S Afr J Surg 2019;57(2). doi.org/10.17159/2078- 5151/2019/v57n2a2842. 26. Homs MY, Steyerberg EW, Eijkenboom WM, et al. Single- dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2004;23- 29;364(9444):1497-504. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17272- 3. PMID: 15500894. 27. Nagaraja V, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Safety and efficacy of esophageal stents preceding or during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for esophageal cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Oncol 2014;5(2):119-26. 28. Tham JE, Tharian B, Allen PB, Spence G, et al. Oesophageal stents for potentially curable oesophageal cancer – A bridge to surgery? Ulster Med J 2019;88(1):10-14. 29. Mariette C, Gronnier C, Duhamel A, et al. Self-expanding covered metallic stent as a bridge to surgery in esophageal cancer: impact on oncologic outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 2015;220(3):287–96. 30. Desai M, Hamade N, Sharma P. Management of Peptic Strictures. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115(7):967-970. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000655. PMID: 32618639. 31. Kochman ML, McClave SA, Boyce HW. The refractory and the recurrent esophageal stricture: a definition. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62(3):474-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.04.050. PMID: 16111985. 32. Broor SL, Raju GS, Bose PP, et al. Long term results of endoscopic dilatation for corrosive oesophageal strictures. Gut 1993;34:1498–501. 33. Kochhar R, Samanta J, Basha J, et al. Biodegradable Stents for Caustic Esophageal Strictures: Do They Work?. Dysphagia 2017;32,575–582. doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-9800-8. 34. Kamarajah SK, Bundred J, Spence G, et al. Critical Appraisal of the Impact of Oesophageal Stents in the Management of Oesophageal Anastomotic Leaks and Benign Oesophageal Perforations: An Updated Systematic Review. World J Surg 2020;44(4):1173-1189. doi: 10.1007/s00268-019-05259-6. PMID: 31686158. 35. Kuehn F, Loske G, Schiffmann L et al. Endoscopic therapy for various defects of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Surg Endosc 2017;31(9):3449–3458. 36. Scognamiglio P, Reeh M, Karstens K, Bellon E, Kantowski M, Schön G, Zapf A, Chon SH, Izbicki JR, Tachezy M. Endoscopic vacuum therapy versus stenting for postoperative esophago- enteric anastomotic leakage: systematic review and meta- analysis. Endoscopy 2020;52(8):632-642. doi: 10.1055/a- 1149-1741. 37. Escorsell À, Pavel O, Cárdenas A, et al. Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2016;63(6):1957–1967. 38. Pfisterer N, Ried F, Pachofszky T, et al. Outcomes after placement of a SX-ELLA oesophageal stent for refractory variceal bleeding—A national multicentre study. Liver Int 2019;39:290–298. doi: 10.1111/liv.1397. 39. Hirdes MM, Siersema PD, Houben MH, et al. Stent-in- stent technique for removal of embedded esophageal self-expanding metal stents. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(2):286-93. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.394. Epub 2010 Oct 12. PMID: 20940709. 40. Tandon S, Burnand KM, de Coppi P, et al. Self-expanding esophageal stents for the management of benign refractory esophageal strictures in children: A systematic review and review of outcomes at a single center. J Pediatr Surg 2019;54:2479–2486. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.041. REVIEW